Tobacco smoke and secondhand smoke travel, like the air you breathe, down through the windpipe and eventually into the bronchial tubes. The toxic smoke then moves into the bronchioles, which contain the minuscule clusters of air sacs known as alveoli. Within the alveoli are the capillaries. When you inhale, the oxygen moves through the alveoli and into the capillaries, allowing oxygen to be distributed to the rest of the body. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide is transported from the capillaries into the alveoli so it can be removed from the body when you exhale. This process is known as a gas exchange.
The elasticity of the air sacs enables this exchange to occur smoothly. However, people who regularly smoke or who are frequently exposed to secondhand smoke eventually develop lung damage. This allows less air to flow in and out of the airways due to the:
- stiffening of the air sacs
- deterioration of the walls between air sacs
- thickening and inflammation of the airway walls
- increased production of mucus in the airways, causing air obstruction
Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) worldwide. The majority of people with COPD are current or former smokers. There is a huge amount of evidence that links tobacco smoking with COPD:
- Between 15% and 20% of smokers develop the disease.
- Up to 90% of COPD cases are the result of lung damage caused by smoking.
- About 75% of people with Stage II, III, or IV COPD are current or former smokers.
- Tobacco smoking is the cause of 90% of deaths that are related to COPD.
The risk of developing COPD gets higher the more years a person smokes, and the more they smoke per day. However, the good news is that it is never too late to stop smoking and experience the many benefits of quitting.
What Happens when you smoke?
When people smoke tobacco, they breathe tiny particles of irritants into their lungs each time they inhale the smoke. This has two damaging effects:
- The bronchial tubes (also called “airways”) become swollen and inflamed.
- The lining of these airways produces a larger amount of mucus to trap the irritants.
The combined result of these effects is that the airways become thickened and narrowed because of the swelling and mucus. This reduces the amount of air that can flow through them. The increased amount of mucus also causes a persistent cough, in an attempt to clear the airways. Over a period of time, this constant irritation and inflammation in the airways cause many smokers to develop COPD.
If a smoker is also regularly exposed to other kinds of irritants that can cause COPD, then his or her risk is even higher. For example, smokers who also work in an environment where they are exposed to toxic fumes, chemicals, or dust have a much higher chance of getting COPD than their co-workers who do not smoke.
Smoking cigarettes are not the only way to be exposed to tobacco smoke. Inhaling the smoke from pipes and cigars is also damaging. People also have a higher risk of COPD if they have had long periods of exposure to other people’s tobacco smoke at home or at work – this is called “second-hand smoking” or “passive smoking.”
Evidence also shows that women who smoke experience worse respiratory symptoms than men who smoke the same amount. This means that female smokers may be more likely to develop COPD than male smokers.
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